The Screwtape Letters and Subjective Relativism Free Essays

The Screwtape letters was written by C. S. Lewis in 1942. We will write a custom essay sample on The Screwtape Letters and Subjective Relativism or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this book, C. S. Lewis used 31 letters from a senior devil, Screwtape, to his nephew to describe how to corrupt a person’s soul. The most important idea is that when lower the standard of self-regulation step by step with subjective relativism, the self-regulation will be too low without any awareness, which means the victim does not even know his spirit was corrupted and he always think what he did is right. The key point is that subjective relativism, view that an action is morally right if a person approves of it, would be dangerous. When comparing this theory with the management environment in workplace, the situations are surprisingly similar. If a manager controls a big company or organization with subjective relativism-â€Å"all depends on the situation with settings†-the standard of the company or organization would be lowed step by step and finally out of control. As a result, managers don’t like a relativism management environment; they always use universalism or even absolutism to manage the systems. Subjective relativism is considered dangerous for a management system, and other people’s money, anonymity, and subjective relativism is a deadly combination. However, subjective relativism is not the core reason that makes the management system fail. Sometimes, it can benefit the management system. A New Examination of boiling frogs: we know where we are The boiling frog is a wide known story which is also very similar with the story of Screwtape. When putting a frog in a pot with boiling water in it, the frog will jump out of the pot immediately. However, when it was put in a pot of cold water and the pot was slowly heated, the frog would be boiled alive and die in the pot. However, this story is proved not true recently. According to Fast Company (2006), J. Debra Hofman did a new examination of the boiling frogs. â€Å"We placed Frog A into a pot of cold water and applied moderate heat. At 4. 20 seconds, it safely exited the pot with a leap of 24 centimeters. We then placed Frog B into a pot of lukewarm water and applied moderate heat. At 1. 57 seconds, it safely exited the pot with a leap of 57 centimeters. † Hofman commented, â€Å"The change myth assumes a very narrow view of people. If frogs can do it, people definitely can. † Just like the story of boiling frogs, the system doesn’t really out of control with subjective relativism. Relativism holds that there are no absolute moral principles, but the rules that truly guide them in each situation are to be â€Å"determined by their relation to something else: the willing of customs or culture of the group, or the desires of the workmates. † Gibb, J. R. (1991). Subjectivism means that â€Å"the sole source of knowledge or authority is in the perception of the individual. (Lisa Newton, 1995) When combining subjectivism and relativism, each person is his/her own authority in the business life, and is the source of his/her own guide. On this reasoning, each person has the right to decide on all matters of what is right and wrong. Subjective relativism can only lead people to do as they want, and the rules which guide them is depends on the environment, which means the relationships with others ar ound them are the core reason why they change. For instance, in the story of Screwtape letters, the true way of corrupting a person’s soul is the so called â€Å"influence of others†, not subjective relativism. Self-awareness can’t be lowed, what is changing is relationship with others. According to subjective relativism, what’s right for the employees may not be necessarily right for the company. However, the feeling of right or wrong is directly linked to the feeling of right or wrong from the group he/she lived in. As a result, when a manager is able to affect the employees by delivering his/her idea and value to the workplace (a group where employees are in), subjective relativism can benefit the company. Universalism vs. Relativism: Small business is perfectly fitful for relativism system Another quite different judgment system is universalism. Universalism and relativism are always compared in a national view point. â€Å"Universalism holds that more â€Å"primitive† cultures will eventually evolve to have the same system of law and rights as Western cultures. Cultural relativists hold an opposite, but similarly rigid viewpoint, that a traditional culture is unchangeable. In universalism, an individual is a social unit, possessing inalienable rights, and driven by the pursuit of self-interest. In the cultural relativist model, a community is the basic social unit. Concepts such as individualism, freedom of choice, and equality are absent. It is recognized that the community always comes first. †(Clemens N. Nathan, 2009) however, when talking about business systems, these concepts are a little bit different. Universalism refers to a system with â€Å"common rules with similar settings†, which means the system has the exactly same rules for all the employees. Looking at the top 100 multinational corporations, they are all using universalism. Universalism is needed today more than ever, especially in multinational corporations. â€Å"(David C. Wyld, 2011) As the world is becoming a smaller place because of globalization and Internet, universalism makes more sense in dealing with multinational issues. It can help the company to develop not only the standard of work environment, but also the reputation of the corporations. However, when focus on the most rapidly d eveloping type of companies, small businesses, universalism seems too general and unfriendly to the employees. Even though subjective relativism has great problems and has a potential for abuse the employees, universalism in its current state is not the ideal solution† Wole Soyinka (2008). Subjective Relativism can help the employees to be more interested in the work and maximize the innovation of them. Besides, managers are able to control the company since it just have relatively small amount of employees that they won’t be abused. Subjective Relativism in New Economy The new economy is  commonly  believed to start from the late 1990s, as computer and Internet was developing worldwide. Companies in the new economy are heavily involved in the  internet and biotech industries, but the ripple effects of new technologies has spread out to  all other industries as well†(Investopedia,2012) The networked organizations need a different kind of control. Employees are highly empowered. They can get access to as many works and customers as they can. Besides, employees are highly educated today, sometime they have really good ideas about what companies should do to improve. In this way, managers should be more careful when controlling the management system, and common rules with similar settings are not enough. Subjective relativism is more powerful in encouraging employees. The system gives the employees to be able to choose what they think is right to do, and the rules are relatively different but fit for each employee. â€Å"There is no logical connection between what you have a right to do and the right thing to do; but there is a psychological temptation to move from one to the other. Let’s say that again: In logic, there is no connection between â€Å"You have the right to think what you like,† and â€Å"Anything you happen to like to think is right. You have the right, after all, to contradict yourself; you have all the right in the world to think that â€Å"2+2=5. † That doesn’t make it correct. But psychologically, once you have told me that no one has the right to correct me when I claim certain sorts of opinions; you certainly seem to have told me that any such opinions are right, or at least as right as opinions can be. † As Lisa Newton (1998) said, with subjective relativism, empowered employees are able to show their opinions and discuss those opinions together with out shame. Meanwhile, managers can communicate with his group much better and active. However, a big concern is that subjective relativism really has a potential for abuse the employees, so it would be a big challenge for managers to use this method. One suggestion is to combine the subjective relativism with universalism. That is, using the universalism in the company or corporation, but authorizes some division managers to use subjective relativism among the most excellent groups. In this way, companies can not only gain the benefit from universalism system, but also maximize the efficiency of the most excellent employees. References David C. Wyld(2011) Southeastern Louisiana University in Philosophy, March 17, 2011,Rethieved from: http://socyberty. com/philosophy/the-top-10-things-you-need-to-know-about-ethical-universalism-an-analysis-of-how-what-is-right-and-wrong-transcends-most-cultures-societies-and-religions/#ixzz2BNEPJbOP Fast Company (2006) Next Time, What Say We Boil a Consultant†. Fast Company Issue 01. October 1995. Retrieved from http://www. fastcompany. com/26455/next-time-what-say-we-boil-consultant Gibb, J. R. (1991) Trust: A New Vision of Human, Relationships for Business, Family and Personal Living. North Hollywood, CA: Newcastle Publishing Company. 991. Investopedia (2012) New Economy. Buzz Word-economy. Retrieved from: http://www. investopedia. com/terms/n/neweconomy. asp#ixzz2BMsc3J3c Lisa Newton (1998a) Subjective Relativism as a Challenge to Ethics. Doing Good and Avoiding Evil Part I. Principles and Reasoning Lisa Newton (1998b) Moral Commitments and the Discipline of Ethics. Doing Good and A voiding Evil Part I. Principles and Reasoning Neumann Nathan (2009) the Changing Face of Religion and Human Rights by Clemens Wole Soyinka(2008) â€Å"The AVOIDABLE TRAP of CULTURAL RELATIVISM†, on the occasion of the second edition of the Geneva How to cite The Screwtape Letters and Subjective Relativism, Papers

Pressure Sore free essay sample

The purpose of this evidence-based research project was to determine if the use of a sacral mepilex, or like dressing, helps to prevent pressure ulcers in the intensive care unit (ICU) population. A pressure ulcer in the ICU can be life threatening. The PICO(T) question for this evidence-based research project was, â€Å" In adult intensive care unit patients, does the application of sacral mepilex, or like dressing, to the lower back/ coccyx/sacral area, lead to a decreased incident of pressure ulcer formation in the coccyx/sacral area throughout the patient’s intensive care unit stay? A literature search using the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) database, Google Scholar, and Journal of Critical Care Nurse was performed. The search was performed using key terms identified in the PICO(T). Results yielded five articles that were found to be applicable for this project and were then reviewed. Evidence from these five articles supports the issue of pressure ulcers in high risk patients. The prevention of pressure ulcers using different quality improvement projects while utilizing a multidisciplinary team approach and appropriate measuring tools was identified. Once a patient has been identified at risk for pressure ulcers, prevention methods should be put into place. While the use of repositioning, reducing friction and shear, pressure relieving mattresses, and appropriate skin care measure can reduce the risk of pressure ulcers, pressure ulcers may still develop (McCance Huether, 2010). Because of this, additional measures should be considered. In effort to reduce the incidence of pressure ulcers, select intensive care units in Midwest have recently begun placing sacral mepilex upon the lower back region of patients on admittance. This dressing provides a moisture proof barrier to the skin that does not allow bacteria or viruses to penetrate (Molnlycke Health Care, 2011), reducing the moisture component that promotes pressure ulcer formation. The purpose of this evidence-based project is to determine if Mepilex sacral border dressings successfully reduce the risk of pressure ulcers in the intensive care unit. Background description of topic Pressure ulcers remain â€Å"one of the five most common causes of harm to patients† (Elliott, McKinley, Fox, 2008, p. 29), and can lead to significant morbidity and mortality for patients. Furthermore, it is estimated that 5% of the total ICU budget is spent on the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers, and that the nursing workload increases by around 50% once the ulcer develops (Compton et al. , 2008 p. 417). Pressure ulcers are staged depending on the levels of tissue involved. These levels include â€Å"‘Stage I: Non-blanchable erythema’, â €˜Stage II: Partial thickness’, ‘Stage III: Full thickness skin loss’, ‘Stage IV: Full thickness tissue loss’, ‘Unstageable/Unclassified: Full thickness skin or tissue oss-depth unknown’, and ‘Suspected deep tissue injury-depth unknown (National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, 2009, p. 8-9). Because of the varying levels of tissue damage that can occur, prevention methods are essential. These methods may include turning the patient at least every four hours, floating heels with pillows under legs, using specialty sacrum padding (Mepilex) and utilizing a specialty mattress, which can prevent pressure ulcer formation. Furthermore the methods of prevention are largely the responsibility of nursing. Theory/model description and connection to PICO (T) Many models have been identified in order to assist with maintaining or improving a patient’s holistic care. For instance, Myra Levine’s Conservation Model can be used as a theoretical framework for wound management. A case study involving Levine’s model talks of personal integrity, which involves the patients worth, self-esteem and physical body being maintained (Alligood Tomey, 2010). When someone enters the healthcare system, they have come to terms that they are in need of help with a health disparity. Also, with this decision to receive assistance, some personal independence must be set aside as a patient. A collaborative approach between the patient and nursing will improve outcomes, while using Levines model to help understand the importance of interventions intended to promote adaptation and maintain wholeness. The primary focus of conservation is keeping together the wholeness of the individual (Alligood Tomey, 2010, p. 229). The nurse is challenged in providing the individual with appropriate care without losing sight of the individual’s integrity while respecting the trust that the patient has placed in the nurse’s hands. Levine’s conservational model contains four conservation principles; conservation of energy, conservation of structural integrity, conservation of personal integrity, and conservation of social integrity (Alligood Tomey, 2010, p229). Conservation of structural integrity relates to this evidence based research as according to the model a patient must heal. Healing is a process of restoring structural and functional integrity through conservation in defense of wholeness (Alligood Tomey, 2010, p. 229). Nursing role is to aintain or re-establish strong skin integrity to ICU patients by preventing physical breakdown to the body, in this case, the sacral area and help promote healing. Nursing can help to limit the amount of tissue damaged through detailed assessment and being alert to risk factors on admission (Alligood Tomey 2010). Evaluation tools, such as the Braden Scale, have been and are currently utilized in practice to determine a patient’s risk for impaired skin i ntegrity and developing a pressure ulcer (Braden Maklebust, 2005). The Braden Scale allows for identification of the patient’s risk level for pressure ulcer development based upon five subsets of the scale; â€Å"sensory perception, mobility, activity, moisture and nutrition† (Braden Makelbust, 2005, p. 70). The categories of the Braden Scale are scored based upon patient findings and allow clinicians to identify the amount of attention that should be focused upon preventative skin care measures for a patient (Braden Makelbust, 2005). Using the results of this scale, patients that may benefit from the application of sacral mepilex on admission to the hospital setting can be identified. Significance of the topic/Overall importance The prevention of pressure ulcers is essential in the hospital setting. Looking from a patient standpoint, pressure ulcers â€Å"increase a patient’s length of stay, morbidity, and cost,† as well as decrease a patient’s overall â€Å"quality of life† (Campbell, Woodbury, Houghton, 2010, p. 28). In October of 2008, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) no longer provided financial reimbursement to hospitals for any pressure ulcers that were not present upon admission (United States Department of Health and Human Services, 2011, Para 1). Nursing staff must document an existing pressure ulcer within 48 hours of the patient arriving to the facility or the cost for treating this wound will not be repaid to the facility (Meehan, 2009). Most pressure ulcers can be prevented when appropriate risk factors are recognized and actions are taken (Lavrencic, 2011, p. 6). Typical pressure ulcer prevention methods include adequate positioning, nutritional status, and repositioning. In addition, new techniques such as additional skin barriers are being examined for effectiveness. PICOT In an attempt to further reduce the incidence of pressure ulcers in Intensive Care Unit Patients, the following PICOT will be addressed. (P) In Adult Intensive Care Unit patients, (I) does the application of Sacral Mepilex (or like dressing) to lower back/coccyx/sacral area, (C) when compared to no use of Sacral Mepilex on the lower back/coccyx/sacral area, (O) lead to a decreased incident of pressure ulcer formation in the coccyx/sacral area (T) throughout the patient’s ICU stay. Setting(s) Discussion Patients in the intensive care unit are at greater risk for pressure ulcers than the general population (American Journal of Critical Care, 2008). This is due to the fact that many patients are weaker than the general population. These patients are not always immobilized, however they are sedated, lack proper nutrition, typically are of an advanced age, and lack appropriate sensation (American Journal of Critical Care, 2008). All of these risk factors can lead to an increased prevalence of pressure ulcers. Because of the increased risk of pressure ulcers in the Intensive Care Unit, the use of sacral mepilex will be examined as a method to prevent pressure ulcers. Stakeholders Discussion Numerous stakeholders can be identified for this question. The National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (1992) states â€Å"Responsibility for pressure ulcer prevention is shared by health care professionals, bedside caregivers, patients, and families (Para 7). † Patients are of primary concern and their skin should be protected with any method possible in order to prevent skin breakdown. Patients do not want to have an increased length of stay, increased medical cost, or the pain associated with the pressure ulcer. Nursing staff would also be prime stakeholders. Lovins and Boliek (2008) state â€Å"Never in the history of the profession have the basics of nursing care been more relevant to positive patient outcomes than now (Para 1)†. Nursing is responsible for assuring their patients are cared for appropriately. Additionally nursing has the opportunity to control numerous aspects of patients skin care. Physicians would additionally be major stakeholders. As patients develop pressure ulcers, the length of stay increases. With this the patient becomes more complicated, has an increased risk for infection and requires more personnel to attempt to heal the sore. Hospitals in general would be major stakeholders due to the funding aspect. Insurance companies that pay for pressure ulcer care could also be stakeholders, as they would prefer to not pay to treat the pressure ulcer but rather prevent it. Potential/Actual cost benefits/effectiveness The cost of treating a patient with a hospital acquired pressure ulcer is estimated to range from â€Å"$2,000 to $70,000 per wound† (Courtney, Ruppman, Cooper, 2006, p. 1). These numbers pale in comparison to the estimated national costs of, â€Å"$1. and $3. 5 billion annually† for treatment (Courtney, Ruppman, Cooper, 2006, p. 1). Since a pressure ulcer can range from an area of reddened skin that can be healed with a minimal intervention, to an ulcer that develops and causes septicemia and death, the price for treatments vary significantly. With effective interventions, such as the sacral mepilex costing only 22 dollars online, one can assume the benefit of seeking prevention far outw eighs the risk of pressure ulcer treatment (Metro Medical Online, 2011). Desired outcomes for specific (your) setting The desired outcome for this evidence-based project is to analyze the literature and determine if the mepilex can prevent pressure ulcers in the intensive care unit patient. Search Plan Method Search Methods Evidence based research and nursing practice relies heavily on the most accurate, current information available. Library databases, which provide current information and up-to-date research results, can be extremely helpful in finding appropriate research (Melnyk Fineout-Overholt, 2011). Textbooks can also be utilized to provide basic information; however the information may not be as current as journals nor are these a source for research. To supplement for this shortcoming, current journal articles should also be considered (Melnyk Fineout-Oveholt, 2011). Because numerous databases and sources can provide a diversity of information, various methods of obtaining evidence were utilized for the PICOT. The PICOT search was completed using a library computer search, a web-based search and a hand search of current nursing literature. The initial computer search was completed using of the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Plus with Full Text database. As Melnyk Fineout-Overholt (2011) discuss databases such as CINAHL â€Å"contain the largest number and widest variation of articles describing clinical research† (p. 45). Once again to assure current information was obtained, a Google Scholar Internet search was also completed. This search was then complemented with a hand search of the 2011 journal Critical Care Nurse. This journal was identified because of the link to the population in this evidence-based research. These three methods were utilized to obtain the most comprehensive and current search on literature surrounding the PICOT. Database Search Terms and Strategy The search terms utilized in the CINHAL Plus with Full Text included: (P) Adult, intensive care unit, hospitalized patient, patient, inpatient, (I) mepilex, sacral dressing, coccyx dressing, pressure dressing, foam dressing, back dressing, (O) pressure ulcer and pressure sore (see Table 1). Table 1. PICOT Search Terms P |I |C |O | |Adult* |Mepilex* |(none entered) |Pressure Ulcer* | |OR |OR | |OR | |Intensive Care Unit* (and ICU) |Sacral N4 Dressing* | |Pressure Sore* | |OR |OR | | | |Hospitalized Patient Coccyx N4 Dressing* | | | |OR |OR | | | |Patient or Inpatient |Pressure N4 Dressing* | | | | |OR | | | | |Foam N4 Dressing* | | | | |OR | | | | |Back N4 Dressing* | | | * Truncation The search terms for the Population were first e ntered into the CINAHL Plus with Full Text database. The key words of â€Å"Adult,† â€Å"Inpatients,† and â€Å"Intensive Care Unit† were entered. The method of truncation was also used for each of the terms to include various endings for the search term. For example Adult* was expected to yield results of Adult or Adults. Next, a Boolean search was completed utilizing the word â€Å"or† to identify the possible population results. This Boolean search yielded 514448 results. The intervention was the next topic that was entered into the CINAHL database. The key terms of â€Å"Mepilex,† â€Å"Sacral Dressing,† â€Å"Coccyx Dressing,† â€Å"Pressure Dressing,† â€Å"Foam Dressing,† and â€Å"Back Dressing† were entered into the database. A proximity search was completed for the key words coccyx dressing, pressure dressing, foam dressing, and back dressing. The term N4 was entered between the two key words in each search. The results that were expected included any article in which the two words of the search were anywhere within four words of one another in an article. After these individual results were obtained, a Boolean search was completed using the operator â€Å"or† and yielded a total of 2279 results. The comparison group was not entered due to the nature of this PICOT. The outcome search was then completed. The key term â€Å"Pressure Ulcer† was searched as a main heading. Additionally the search term â€Å"Pressure Sore† was entered. A Boolean search was again completed using the Boolean operator â€Å"or. † This produced a total of 14952 results. A Boolean search was then completed to combine all of the search terms. The results from the Population, Intervention and Outcome search were combined utilizing the Boolean operator â€Å"and† to assure articles would be relevant to the PICOT. This allowed for 205 results. Limiters were then placed on the search. These limiters included articles published between 2000 and 2011, the articles must be peer reviewed, a research article, and in English. With the limiters set, 67 articles were identified that met criteria, while 138 articles were excluded due to being older than 2000, not peer reviewed, not a research article or in a language other than English. Appendix A provides a graphic of the results of this search. These results were further evaluated and excluded based upon irrelevance to the PICOT. Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria Inclusion criteria included articles for the CINAHL database search were those that were peer reviewed, research article, and English Language. Additionally, articles were examined from 2000 to present. Exclusion criteria included articles that were not peer reviewed those that were not research articles, and those in a language other than English. Articles older than 2000 were excluded from the search. Articles were further searched based upon relevance to the PICOT. Those articles that pertained to the PICOT were included while those that were irrelevant were excluded. Inclusion criteria for the Google Scholar search included articles from 2000 to present. Analyzing the Literature .Critical Appraisals Critical appraisals were completed on five articles that met the search criteria for the PICOT question. The level of evidence table established by Polit and Beck (2008) was used to analyze and rank each article depending on the strength of evidence. Critical appraisals were completed on these articles to identify the validity, reliability, adaptability and trustworthiness of the articles as well as the significance the studies may have to the PICOT. Each article has noted areas of strength and weakness. The articles appraised look at various factors related to pressure ulcer development. Critical Appraisals of Individual Studies Study One: Incidence, prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers in intensive care patients: A longitudinal study. Shahin, Dassen, and Halfens (2009) completed a level VI quantitative longitudinal study identifying the prevalence of pressure ulcers, the risk factors for pressure ulcer development, and the evolution of pressure ulcers in the intensive care unit (ICU). The study followed 121 adults admitted to two different intensive care units. Participants were assessed for pressure ulcers upon admission to the ICU and again upon discharge, death or two weeks as a patient in the intensive care unit. Tools used to collect data included an author-developed questionnaire, the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel grading system, the Braden Scale, and the APACHE II scale. The findings identified an overall pressure ulcer incidence of 3. % in the ICU population with the most common site for pressure ulcer development on the â€Å"sacrum, heel, ischium† (p. 416). Patients with Braden skin assessment scores between 14-18 were identified as higher risk of pressure ulcer development. Nursing care practices of skin inspection, repositioning the patient and massage were identified as methods to reduce the risk of pressure ulcers as well as facilitate healing of pressure ulcers in this particular setting. Study Two: Outliers to the Braden Scale: Identifying high-risk ICU patients and the results of prophylactic dressing use. Brindle (2010) conducted a Level VII, performance improvement to test the effectiveness of a prophylactic sacral dressing in preventing pressure

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society

Most academic work is published in the academic journal article, book or theory frame. Associate survey quality and selectivity guidelines shift incredibly from journal to journal, distributor to distributor, and field to field. Most set up scholastic orders have their particular journals and different outlets for production, albeit numerous academic journals are relatively interdisciplinary, and distribute work from a few unmistakable fields or sub-fields. Background The Journal des Scavans, built up by Denis de Sallo, was the most punctual academic journal published in Europe. The quantity of debate dropped to 72% in the eighteenth century, 59% by the last 50% of the nineteenth century, and 33% by the first half of the twentieth century. The decrease in challenged claims for the need to inquire about disclosures can be credited to the expanding acknowledgement of the production of papers in present-day scholastic journals, with gauges proposing that around 50 million journal articles have been published since the original appearance of the Philosophical Transactions. Current Scenario Presently, a vital pattern, especially as for journals in the sciences, is open access using the Internet. Open Access In open access publishing, a journal article is made accessible free for all on the web by the distributor at the season of production. Around Business Even though there are more than 2,000 publishers, starting in 2013, five revenue driven organizations represented half of the articles published ensuring best academic writing services and essay writing services. Publishers contend that they increase the value of the publishing procedure through help to the associate survey gathering, including stipends, and through typesetting, printing, and web publishing. Speculation investigators, nonetheless, have been wary of the esteem included by revenue driven publishers, as exemplified by 2005 Deutsche Bank examination which expressed that we trust the distributor enhances the publishing procedure Papers for Academics In academic publishing, a paper is an academic work that is generally published in an academic journal. Such a paper, likewise called an article, might be viewed as substantial if it experiences a procedure of associate survey by at least one arbitrators who watch that the substance of the paper is reasonable for distribution in the journal. Ellison has revealed that in financial matters the sensational increment in chances to distribute comes about online has prompted a decrease in the utilization of associate checked on articles. In academic publishing, a paper is a scholarly work that is usually published in a university journal.

La Cacharpaya Essays - Geography Of The Dominican Republic, El Cachn

La Cacharpaya Essays - Geography Of The Dominican Republic, El Cachn "La Cacharpaya " Nombre : Karla Rosales Curso : IV B Indice : Introduccion Desarrollo: Origen Vestimenta Baile Musica Conclusion Bibliografia Introduccion El folklore es el conjunto de manifestaciones culturales y artisticas por las cuales se expresa un pueblo o comunidad en forma anonima, tradicional y espontanea, para satisfacer necesidades tanto material como inmaterial. El folklore nacional chileno posee una riqueza de canciones y danzas que representan a las dis t intas regiones de nuestro pais ademas de que s on muchas las fiestas rel igiosas donde se muestran algunas de estas danzas . Las danzas nortinas tienen caracteristicas notorias que se observan en las vestimentas y se palpan en la musica. En general, los bailes y danzas de la zona norte de Chile se caracterizan por su origen religioso y festivo. Las celebraciones religiosas toman especial significado en toda la zona andina de Chile, en la que resalta un gran interes por las danzas y bailes como el Cachimbo, el H uachitorito, la C ueca nortina y la Cacharpaya . A cada una de las ceremonias asisten por lo general, cofradias de otros lugares, y en este tipo de celebraciones, la musica toma principalmente la forma de danza ceremonial. La musica andina se mantiene en localidades precordilleranas y altiplanicas destacando su caracter coreografico. La Cacharpaya o Kacharpari - acto y e fecto de despedir o despedirse- es la despedida de las fiestas que se realiza en e l ultimo dia. Ligado con la cel ebracion festiva, la C acharpaya tambien e s una danza y un genero musical que profundizaremos. Desarrollo Origen right509270 La Cacharpaya o Kacharpari es un vocablo quechua que significa " despedida " , es de origen precolombino y p ertenece a la familia del H uayno , una danza de origen pre-colombino quechua-aimara presente en toda la zona altiplanica , es la especie dominante en la zona de dispersion de la cultura incaica que abarca desde el no rte de Argentina hasta Ecuador. En Chile tiene su centro en la primera y segunda region, preferentemente en puebl os cordilleranos y altiplanicos. La fiesta de la cacharpaya se realiza en los pueblos andi nos, entre algunas comunidades Aymaras y sobre todo entre las comunidades quechuas de Sudamerica existentes en Peru, Bolivia, Argentina y Chile. La cacharpaya puede realizarse en todo tipo de fiestas ya sean familiares, sociales o religiosas, comenzando con la despedida de algun familiar o amigo que se ausenta a otro lugar, o que va en peregrinacion a algun santuario, y de igual manera para finalizar las fiestas religiosas y sociales. En la fiesta del carnaval la cacharpaya se realiza para finalizar los festejos como despedida, segun las regiones y costumbres, el miercoles de ceniza o el domingo siguiente al final del carnaval. 3215640-1012190 En la actualidad aparece adscrita en las grandes fiestas ceremoniales como La Tirana o la Ayquina. Las cofradias o hermandades se despiden el ultimo dia del santuario, bailando y cantando una Cacharpaya. Vestimenta 3949065692150 La variedad de vestimentas varia mucho en la zona norte de Chile, ya sea por el indigena, por el minero, el paisano o cuando se usan trajes especiales para ceremonias religiosas. Una vestimenta tipica, en el caso de los hombres consiste en un sombrero de ala corta con adornos, chaquetilla, camisa generalmente blanca -aunque tambien de colores-, pantalon de tela negro y zapatos sencillos o sandalias. Casi siempre va acompanado de un bolso para guardar las hojas de coca con la que contrarresta los efectos de la altura. La mujer lleva un vestido largo con blusa blanca, zapatos livianos o sandalias y una gran manta de colores vivos, que cumple la doble funcion de abrigar o trasladar mercaderia, objetos o a sus hijos pequenos. La vestimenta es de mucho colorido y predominan las prendas de lana, ya sea de llama, vicuna o alpaca. Podemos encontrar a mujeres que llevan faldas de terciopelo de colores, las que se van agregando una sobre otra. Tambien se usa el aguayo, cuadrado de lana que se d obla y coloca en la espalda sujeto de los hombros y prendido por delante en el pecho, con una hermosa cuchara de plata. Tanto el hombre como la mujer usan sombrero. Baile 2453640690880 Existen

Business Intelligence Analyze the Case of SunPower Ltd †Free Samples

In this case study we will analyze the case of SunPower ltd, the pany is the highest producer of the world’s most efficient solar cells. These solar cells are known as photovoltaics. However with the advent of the technology it can be seen that the present position of the SunPower pany is in a lot of danger, as panies are ing up with better and advanced ways of making use of the new technology to bring new improvements in the field of solar power and solar cells (Guragai, et al., 2017). The panies are trying to improve the overall efficiency of these solar cells with the use of these technological changes and that might affect the overall position of the SunPower pany. Thus the CEO of the pany is looking for ways by which they can keep their present position safe and can retain their present market share (Werner, 2017). For this, the pany needs to make an effective use of the present business intelligence techniques by which they can solve their present issues and improve thei r overall operations. This will help in generation of more profit and will also help in improving the efficiency of the photovoltaic blubs that the pany is producing (Bromwich & Scapens, 2016). Business intelligence can be defined as technology that helps in effective analysis of large volume of data and makes it easy for the panies to deal with it. There are various BI tools that are there in the market and the panies can choose as per their own needs. It helps the managers to make informed decisions and also helps the employees to improve their overall efficiency (Trieu, 2017). The different types of BI tools are AD-hoc reporting and analysis, data visualization and data discovery and online analytical processing. These tools will help in effective management of the data that is churned by the pany and the panies will be helped by it. The other uses of the business intelligence tools are that it helps in effective management of the logistics, it helps in reducing the errors that might occur due to manual intervention (Kew & Stredwick, 2017). It also helps in the overall management of the various departments of the pany. It can be seen that the panies will be benefited a l ot this as a lot of time will be saved with the help of it. There are variety of software available in the market that can be customized as per the needs of the pany, and there are a variety of vendors who sell these software. It is thus important for the panies to do the proper research before selecting the best software for the pany (Alexander, 2016). Applying the use of it in case of the SunPower pany we can analyze how it will help in solving the problems that the pany might be facing (Visinescu, et al., 2017). There are few issues that the pany is facing and that are affecting its overall growth and development. Now making an analysis of the overall case study we can say that the pany can make use of the tools of BI for improving their overall performance. Knowledge-Based Systems- The pany can make use of the various knowledge-based system tools that can help the pany in getting better knowledge about the various aspects of production and will be helpful to the managers of the pany. The managers will get a clear idea of the changes that they might need in improving the system. The pany can get knowledge about the various alternatives to the materials that are used in the cells like the silicon chips, ignors-wafers, cells, and modules etc. The BI tools will help the pany in getting knowledge about these products and they can make effective use of the same (Charlton, et al., 2017). We see that there is a situation where the pany wanted to mercialize the solar concentrator21 technology, but they needed to get proper information and consider various aspects before taking proper decisions.   It was found that the PV alternative was lower and this new technology might not be suited for small distributed remote applications, hence the pany needed for proper knowledge before taking their decisions and that can be solved with the help of the BI tools that might help in getting the required information. Knowledge sharing will help in generating better knowledge processes and knowledge practices. It will help in creating new knowledge among the different departments of the pany and help in the flow of information. Internal BI Tools – The pany can use various internal BI tools that can help them in data mining, data analytics, and management. These applications can be brought from any vendors in the market easily and can be customized as per the needs of the pany. It will help SunPower in the management of their large amount of data. The pany is one of the best in the business and it has a large amount of data to be taken care of, there are many problems that the management of the pany faces in their day to day activity. That can be solved with the help of using the business intelligence tools. The panies can provide training to their employees to make effective use of the electricity and it can be very helpful in the future . Thus these tools will be helpful in the long run. Decision Support System – It can be seen that when the panies are able to take the right decision at the right time then they are able to avoid a lot of situations that might lead to huge losses. In the given case we see that if the managers of the pany are able to take an effective decision as and when needed they will be able to solve a lot of issues. For example- we saw that NASA asked the pany to create certain cells that are specially customized for them, the pany was able to successfully deliver the same but NASA asked for a reduction of the cost. But for that, it was required that the pany must upscale its production and in that case, we see that it was important for the managers of the pany to have detailed analysis and take an effective decision (Arnott, et al., 2017). Another example we see that when Honda approached the pany to make such cells that might support their solar-powered cars, the managers wasted a lot of time in taking effective decisions whether they ne eded two shifts or one shift and they eventually found that they had no proper information to decide it. Hence with the help of the BI tools, this decision-making problem of the pany will be solved. The managers will take effective decisions that will help them in saving a lot of costs and generating more revenues (Belton, 2017). After the entire analysis, it can be said that if the panies are using this technique of business intelligence and using the tools accordingly then that will be very helpful in the long run. It will help in solving a lot of issues that the pany is facing. The pany will be able to manage a large amount of data in the future it will not face that much problem, the issues will be resolved. The pany chooses the best tool that is suited to their needs and then can take the decision accordingly (Auken, 2016). Overall if the panies make use of these business intelligence tools they will gain. However there is the other side to it that choosing the best software that might be able to satisfy the needs of the pany won’t be so easy, a lot of research and analysis needs to be done. The panies might need to provide training to the employees to make them aware of the ways they can use these tools. So these are the few pros and cons of using these software tools by the SunPower pany. The SunPower pany should try to implement these tools in their operations, they must take cues from their petitors and make proper analysis before choosing the best software that might be needed for the pany. They must get the software customised as per their needs and then choose the best of the lot. In the long run, the pany will be benefited . Alexander, F., 2016. The Changing Face of Accountability. The Journal of Higher Education, 71(4), pp. 411-431. Arnott, D., Lizama, F. & Song, Y., 2017. Patterns of business intelligence systems use in organizations. Decision Support Systems, Volume 97, pp. 58-68. Auken, S., 2016. Assessing the role of business faculty values and background in the recognition of an ethical dilemma. Journal of Education for Business, 91(4), pp. 211-218. Belton, P., 2017. petitive Strategy: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. London: Macat International ltd. Bromwich, M. & Scapens, R., 2016. Management Accounting Research: 25 years on. Management Accounting Research, Volume 31, pp. 1-9. Charlton, P., Ilott, D., Borgeaud, R. & Drew, M., 2017. Risky business: An example of what training load data can add to shared decision making in determining ‘acceptable risk’. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20(6), pp. 526-527. Guragai, B., Hunt, N., Neri, M. & Taylor, E., 2017. Accounting Information Systems and Ethics Research: Review, Synthesis, and the Future. Journal of Information Systems: Summer 2017, 31(2), pp. 65-81. Hall, J. & Rapanotti, L., 2017. A design theory for software engineering. Information and Software Technology, Volume 87, pp. 46-61. Kew, J. & Stredwick, J., 2017. Business Environment: Managing in a Strategic Context. second ed. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Trieu, V., 2017. Getting value from Business Intelligence systems: A review and research agenda. Decision Support Systems, Volume 93, pp. 111-124. Venezia, I., 2017. Behavioral Finance: 'Where Do Investors'' Biases e From?'. Singapore: WORLD SCIENTIFIC. Visinescu, L., Jones, M. & Sidorova, A., 2017. Improving Decision Quality: The Role of Business Intelligence. Journal of puter Information Systems, 57(1), pp. 58-66. Werner, M., 2017. Financial process mining - Accounting data structure dependent control flow inference. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, Volume 25, pp. 57-80

A Cultural Geography of Childhood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A Cultural Geography of Childhood - Essay Example Several of these, the first portion or set of the collection, reflects an English child's experiences, and the second set are my global perspective of other children's culture, or perceived existence as may be influenced by media and other forms of information. All throughout this essay, I have incorporated texts from readings about childhood and culture.Photography is a form of art aided by technology that captures in one scene what could have been or what might happen, or exactly what is happening with the subject or subjects, in connection with the present background, at this point, his or her environment. This could either be perceived, apparent, or as interpreted by circumstantial evidence presented by the image which is called the photo. Through photography, various forms of messages, interpretations as well as representation of culture, tradition and practices are depicted. These representations embody existing as well as ideal forms of what should be or what can be, but in mo st cases, also depict what are prevalent in society. With photos of children, these depictions are quite difficult to mask or hide. Thus, they become iconographic, as is "truth" at the moment. There had been moments in time that "childhood" according to Aries (1962) did not exist as in the middle ages, although this has been criticised as inaccurate (Hanawalt, 1995) where children were controlled and restrained. Aries went on to describe children as "little adults" although modern researches also pointed out that there had been separation of a "child" and "adult" starting in medieval Europe, of which, occurrences must have ignited these change. This essay, nevertheless, will progress with modern studies that have careful consideration of how children interact with adults and the factors that affect or shape children's general views as well as their present state. First Set I have an ordinary, normal childhood experience in the United Kingdom. I stayed around at the house for most of my early memories of childhood and my mum and dad served as big people that have to look after me and my needs. I have chosen this first set to depict, what for me is a "normal" childhood. Normal in the sense that there were no extraordinary occurrences such as physical or mental abuse, early detachment of a child to his or her parents, disability experiences, among other life-changing courses. This first photo depicts a toddler and her dad in formal outfit: he in tuxedo and the baby girl in chiffon dress. At the viewpoint of ordinary audience or watcher, this was taken during a special occasion, and it could be a wedding, a church or holy day, or any event that prompts the family, which is the mother, the father and the child, or children, to dress up and join a congregation, a community, or family gathering. (1ST PHOTO/Father & TODDLER) This second photo depicts a pre-school or day care child with his buddy. They are both of about the same age range between 3-5 years old and are in the stage of discovering friendship or comradeship, as well as belonging and acceptance. Considering their skin and hair colour, as well as their outfit, both children belong to a middle class or well-off family and society. This could mean their basic needs were well-taken cared off, and with the smile and facial glow of the blond child, he appears to be contented and secured, while the other child seem to have been influenced a little with the happiness or enthusiasm

National Curriculum in Schools in England Essay

National Curriculum in Schools in England - Essay Example From this study it is clear that a curriculum should not burden the leaners by ensuring that the developers constitute the most appropriate concepts for every stage of the learning process thereby guaranteeing optimum learning. This requires the consideration of such pertinent features of the learner as their age and the knowledge gap. Additionally, an effective curriculum introduces concepts progressively thereby ensuring that the learner understands each concept at the most appropriate age. Besides the development of the concepts for the learner, curriculums manage the teachers. According to the paper a curriculum must consider and set feature requirements for the teacher thereby ensuring that only the most effective teachers impart the knowledge in the learners. A curriculum therefore advises the teachers on the best earning aids for every learning stage and the mode of teaching to ensure a productive system. Additionally, curriculums should always reflect the state of the society within which it is applied in a number of ways, the knowledge in the curriculum must have direct relevance with the environment within which it is used. This implies that the curriculum must envision the knowledge growth through time. An effective curriculum therefore has a period lapse within which it is reviewed. In the United Kingdom, the period is four years a time within which the developers remove certain aspects of the curriculum and replacing them with new concepts.